The Effect Of Smoking Reduction On Lung Cancer Risk

Week 4: Assignment List Instructions: All of your answers should be written on this document. Please save the document (last name, first name) and upload it to the digital drop box. 1. Citation Exercise 1 Create a reference for each source listed below in proper APA format. - Write a reference for a book. Delivering Happiness: A Path to Profits, Passion, and Purpose by Tony Hsieh (2010). Answer: Hsieh, T. (2010).Delivering happiness: A path to profits, passion, and purpose - Write a reference for a journal article. In 2005 Nina Godtfredsen, Eva Prescott, and Merete Osler wrote an article titled The Effect of Smoking Reduction on Lung Cancer Risk. It was published in volume 294 of the Journal of the American Medical Association, pages 1505-1511. Answer: Godtfredsen, Prescott, Osler, N.E.M. (2005). The effect of smoking reduction on lung cancer risk. Journal of the American Medical Association, 294, 1505-1511 - Write a reference for an electronic source. Priscilla Long wrote the article Genome Tome for The American Scholar in 2005. It appeared in volume 74, issue 3, on pages 28-42. You accessed the article from a library subscription database called ProQuest on January 19, 2006. Answer: Long, P. (2005). Genome Tome. The American Scholar, 74(3), 28-42. Retrieved from ProQuest - Write a reference for an online newspaper article. Brian X. Chen wrote the article, â€Å"For Some Drives, an Electric Motorcycle Could Be the Best of Both Worlds,† on October 10, 2012. TheShow MoreRelatedEac Research Paper. â€Å"Where There’S Smoke, There’S Fire!†1085 Words   |  5 Pagesfire!† Smoking can be very detrimental to one’s health, something about which many of us Saudi smokers are either unaware of or do not care. Furthermore, numerous men in my country use cigarettes, and some of us have smoked from a young age. Smoking can cause many problems for people of any age, even if they do not utilize tobacco themselves. Frequently, death, doom and destruction are what come to people’s minds when cigarettes come to mind. I have personally witnessed the evils of smoking, someRead MoreWhat are the Effects of Smoking on the Respiratory System?1000 Words   |  4 PagesWhat are the Effects of Smoking on the Respiratory System? When a cigarette is lit, over 7,000 chemicals are released; however, several hundred are toxic. Why would an individual consume a toxic waste bomb? Smoking is dangerous and it does damage too many areas of the human body. This occurrence takes place first within the respiratory system. This toxic fume enters the lungs causing severe damage from the beginning. The long-term effect of smoking in the body destroys the lungs. In thisRead MoreHarmful Effects of Smoking806 Words   |  4 PagesSmoking has become very common and fashionable, especially among young boys. This habit usually begins at school when boys try to experiment with every new thing that they can lay their hands on. Despite the warnings given by doctors about the ill-effects of smoking, people continue to smoke. Smokers are addicted to it, and even if they want to, they cannot refrain from picking up a cigar or cigarette and puffing away. Some youngsters smoke for the sake of society and some feel that would make themRead MoreThe Effects of Smoking Tobacco Essay957 Words   |  4 Pageslarge portion of the U.S’ economy, tobacco smoking can lead to a variety of diseases and disorders that affect the user. The effects of smoking tobacco not only affect the user but surrounding people as well: permanently destroying their lungs and children, increasing the chances of diseases and of cancer. Diseases caused by the effects of smoking or second hand smoke may lead to emphysema. To start, even after only a few years of smoking, one’s lungs could be affected for the rest of his/her lifeRead MoreEssay on Harmful Effects Of Smoking Cigarettes1247 Words   |  5 PagesHarmful Effects Of Smoking Cigarettes Mentioned Photos Not Included There are numerous effects of smoking Cigarettes that affect the individual. They can affect not only your health but also your social and family life. It can also affect the non-smoker around you. Non-smokers suffer from allergies, noise and eye irritations and headaches as a result of inhaling second hand smoke. Smoking while youre pregnant can result to the growth of the foetus and may even result in the death of the babyRead MoreTransforming Vain Danger: Second Hand Smoke and the Abject 1854 Words   |  7 Pagescries of an infant; all are sounds of children affected by their parents’ terrible habit: smoking. Secondhand smoke affects everyone nearby, everyone breathes in those horrible chemicals found in cigarettes. What a smoker does to themselves is a personal matter, but what they do to a non-smoker is different. New laws in Texas can help protect nonsmokers from secondhand smoke, as well as the harmful effects it causes. Secondhand smoke has many classifications, a we ll known term being EnvironmentalRead MoreHigh Mortality Rates Among Men Essay1504 Words   |  7 Pagesto smoking has prompted medical professionals to encourage more lung cancer screening. Screening is recommended for all men and women under the age of 80 who are present smokers or were smokers in the past. De Koning et al. (2014) identify three sub-categories for current and past smokers between 55 and 80 years old. One category covered those with 25 years since stopping, or 20 or less pack-years. In addition, also categorized were those with 15 years since quitting, and those still smoking. TheRead MoreSmoking Cigarettes Persuasive Essay1032 Words   |  5 Pagescome with smoking; they are aware of the potential danger they are causing to themselves and the people around them. As the government, you may encounter economic benefits when people buy cigarette packs; however, these economic advantages get outweighed by the disadvantages that also come included. I believe that as the government, you should ban cigarettes in the United States, in order to prevent economic issues, littering, and prevent your people from getting lung cancer. Smoking cigarettesRead MoreSmoking Rates Among California Adults Essay885 Words   |  4 PagesProtection Act, the smoking rates among California adults have decreased by 42%. From 1990 to 1993, the smoking rates among the youth population for those ages 12 to 17 dropped down to 9.1%. From 1989 to 1993, Proposition 99 helped in the reduction of cigarette consumption by 802 million packs of cigarettes. The smoking prevalence in adults has also decreased from 26.7% in 1988 to 15.5% during the first half of 1995 (Cokkinides et al., 2009). Hence, cigarette consumption and smoking prevalence rapidlyRead MoreEffects of Smoking Ban Laws Essay1327 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction Smoking bans are policies, which include occupational safety, regulations regarding health, and criminal laws, which prohibit tobacco smoking in public areas and in work places. The rationale behind these laws is to prevent non-smokers from the effects of second-hand smoke that may among other things result in lung cancer, heart diseases, emphysema and many other diseases. Smoking ban laws make smoking indoors in many countries worldwide illegal, with scientific evidence clearly showing

Pathogenesis of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes - 2348 Words

Pathogenesis of diabetes type 1 and 2 Introduction After consumption of food, carbohydrates are broken down into glucose in the digestive system which is then absorbed in the blood causing an increase in the blood glucose levels. This rise stimulates the secretion of insulin from the pancreas beta cells which controls the blood glucose levels. Insulin also allows other cells to allow glucose into them by binding on specific cellular receptors thus facilitating the entry of glucose into the cell. Increased secretion of insulin by the pancreas and its subsequent utilization in the cells leads to low blood glucose levels which then result to decreased secretion of insulin. The production of insulin is also affected by disease which causes the dynamics of blood glucose to change when insulin production decreases, entry of glucose into the cells is inhibited which results to hyperglycemia. A similar situation occurs where the insulin secreted by the pancreas is not properly used by the target cells. Insulin secretion may also increase causing the blood sugar levels to become low which is hypoglycemia where the amount of glucose in tissue cells and muscles is higher than that in blood. Diabetes is the disease that occurs when a persons insulin levels are either too high or too low which results in imbalance in blood glucose levels. Type-1 diabetes occurs in those who produce little or no insulin at all while type-2 diabetes occurs in those who produce too high levels ofShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Diabetes958 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction In the year 2013, it is estimated that 382 million people have diabetes; however, this is number will likely increase to 592 million by the year 2035. (1) Among Diabetes types, type2 DM is the most common form of diabetes affecting almost 85-90% of all people with diabetes. While older adults are usually involved, younger individuals, even children, are likely to have type2 DM. (2) It’s well known that many organs are involved to maintain glucose homeostasis including pancreas (a andRead MoreRenal Microvascular Complications Of Type 2 Diabetes Essay1105 Words   |  5 PagesMicrovascular Complications of Type 2 Diabetes: Aetiology and Pathogenesis Abstract There have been a number of manuscripts reporting on the association of complications in type 2 diabetes with high glucose blood levels, high levels of C-Peptide, high advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and oxidative stress. In order to further investigate the aetiology and pathophysiology of renal microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes, papers were reviewed throughRead MoreBiology Lab Report902 Words   |  4 Pagesfluctuation (BGF) contributes in chronic complications by promoting the dysfunction of vascular endothelium in diabetes. MicroRNA (miR)-34 family is known for its roles in the pathophysiology of diverse diseases including type 2 diabetes. However, the action of BGF on the expression of these miRs in diabetes is unknown. Herein, we aimed to investigate the effects of BGF on the pathogenesis of diabetes and the possible involvement of miR-34 family in vivo. Methods: A total of 60 Sprague-Dawley (SD) ratsRead MoreA Brief Note On The Major Micro Vascular Complication Of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus1685 Words   |  7 PagesBackground: Diabetic nephropathy is the major micro-vascular complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and is the main cause for end-stage kidney disease. In view of metabolic derangements of T2DM, we went further to investigate the role played by oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), toll like receptor 4 (TLR4), lipocalin-2 (LCN2), and omentin-1 in DN. Patients and methods: 15 normo-albuminuria T2DM, 15 micro-albuminuria T2DM and 15 macro-albuminuria T2DM in addition to 15 healthy volunteerRead MoreNutrition Therapy On Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus862 Words   |  4 PagesNutrition Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Smelter et al. (2010) defines diabetes mellitus (DM) as a chronic metabolic disorder of glucose metabolism characterized by hyperglycemia. DM is etiologically divided into types 1 and 2 referring to inadequate insulin secretion and reduced insulin-driven glucose uptake in muscle cells respectively. However, the term â€Å"Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus† to refer to type 2 DM is no longer used because some degree of beta-cell failure leading to reducedRead MoreInvestigating The Aetiology And Pathophysiology Of Renal Microvascular Complications1094 Words   |  5 Pagescomplications in type 2 diabetes with high glucose blood levels, high levels of C-Peptide, high advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and oxidative stress. In order to further investigate the aetiology and pathophysiology of renal microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes, papers were reviewed through 2000 using the NIH PubMed Literature Search System. Inclusion criteria were that manuscripts 1) be primary peer-review research article; 2) conciselyRead MoreDiabetic Nephropathy : The Leading Cause Of Chronic Kidney Diseases Worldwide And Most Of The Affected Patients1143 Words   |  5 Pagesdiseases worldwide and most of the affected patients have T2DM. A considerable number of patients newly diagnosed with T2DM may already have developed nephropathy due to a preceding period of undiagnosed diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance [11]. According to the classification of American Diabetes Association, DN is divided into three stages, incipient nephropathy (micro-albuminuria), clinical diabetic nephropathy (macro-albuminuria) and ESRD. To diagnose those DN patients in its early stage canRead MoreReaction Paper On Type 2 Diabetes968 Words   |  4 Pagesendothelial complications in type 2 diabetes; secondly, we intended to scrutinize the possible involvement of miR-34 family members in this process. We showed that BGF exacerbated the detrimental effects associated with type 2 diabetes via possible downregulation of miR-34b/c, which represents a new potential avenue for the treatment of cardiovascular complications associated with type 2 diabetes. According to our study, the changes in weight as well as the levels of SOD, MDA, NO and ET-1 were more significantRead MoreDiabetes : The Common Chronic Disorders1737 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION: Diabetes is one of the most common chronic disorders in UK [1]. According to Silverman, more than 2.6 million people in UK are diabetic as according to data collected from GP practices and more than 5 million obese people are registered to GP practices. So One in ten people are getting treatment for obesity and one in 20 are getting treatment for diabetes [2]. It is estimated that more than 5% men and more than 4% women in England are found to have diagnosed diabetes. While, 3% menRead MoreDiabetes: Getting to Know it Better1435 Words   |  6 PagesDiabetes has become a prevalent disease, due to its drastic increase in diagnosis since the turn of the 21st century. People of all skin color, social class, or ethnicity can fall prey to this lifelong illness. Individuals that do not have diabetes believe that that they know all the basics and precautions of diabetes, but in all reality many people know very little about what diabetes really is. Understanding what diabetes is, can lead to the knowledge of diabetes association with other diseases

Bulling and Cyberbulling Free Essays

Bulling and cyber bulling is a huge issue in our society and the problem is increasing. According to the American Justice Department this month 1out of four children will be abused by another youth. And since the introduction of technology such as texting, emails and social media sites it has become allot easier for bullies to both bully and bully secretly and almost constantly. We will write a custom essay sample on Bulling and Cyberbulling or any similar topic only for you Order Now This essay will address the issue of both bullying, harassment and in particular cyber bullies. It will also suggest ways to cope with bulling According to schools. nsw. edu. au bullying is repeated verbal, physical, social or psychological behaviour that is harmful and involves the misuse of power by an individual or group towards one or more persons. The Department of Education and Early Childhood Development’s Building Respectful and Safe Schools (2010) identifies four types of bullying. These are: * Physical bullying -Physical bullying is bullying physically including hitting, kicking, tripping, pinching and pushing or damaging property. * Verbal bullying- Verbal bullying is bullying someone using words. For example-name calling, insults, teasing, intimidation, homophobic or racist remarks, or verbal abuse. * Covert bullying- Covert bullying is often harder to recognise and can be carried out behind the bullied person’s back. It is designed to harm someone’s social reputation and/or cause humiliation. Covert bullying includes: lying and spreading rumours, negative facial or physical gestures, menacing or contemptuous looks, playing nasty jokes to embarrass and humiliate, mimicking unkindly, encouraging others to socially exclude someone and damaging someone’s social reputation or social acceptance * Cyber bullying- Cyber bullying is overt or covert bullying behaviours using digital technologies. Examples include harassment via a mobile phone, setting up a defamatory personal website or deliberately excluding someone from social networking spaces. Cyber bullying can happen at any time. It can be in public or in private and sometimes only known to the target and the person bullying. Bulling is not mutual arguments and disagreements, single episodes of social rejection or dislike, single episode acts of nastiness or spite, random acts of aggression or intimidation. The standard definition for harassment is unwanted conduct on the grounds of race, gender, sexual orientation etc. which has the purpose or effect of either violating the claimant’s dignity, or creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment for them. All bulling is harassment but not all harassment is bulling. Bulling has both short term and long term effects for the victims. Although severe long term effects can be avoided by stopping bulling as early as possible. The short term effects can include issues at school (i. e. lower academic achievement), depression and anxiety, increased feelings of sadness and loneliness, changes in sleep and eating patterns, and loss of interest in activities they used to enjoy. These issues may persist into adulthood. In extreme cases bullied children may also have suicidal tendencies. Long term effects can include: a greater risk of depression and lower self-esteem later in later life, more likely to have problems with alcohol and drug use and it is more likely they will have suicidal thoughts Demonstrating assertive behaviour when bullied or harassed can often help reduce bulling. Assertive behaviour is not aggressive. It’s saying things in a direct and honest way. Saying things such as stop it, I don’t like it and what you’re saying isn’t very nice please stop. If you are being bullied or harassed the most important thing to do is tell someone. People like a trusted adult such as a teacher, councillor or parent are all good to tell. If all else fails call a kids or bulling helpline such the kids helpline on 1800 55 1800. Cyber bullying is when a child, preteen or teen is tormented, threatened, harassed, humiliated, embarrassed or otherwise targeted by another child, preteen or teen using the Internet, interactive and digital technologies or mobile phones. It has to have a minor on both sides, or at least have been instigated by a minor against another minor. Once adults become involved, it is plain and simple cyber-harassment or cyber stalking. Adult cyber-harassment or cyber stalking is NEVER called cyber bullying. The actions of a cyber-bully are biasedly verbal bulling over technology. This is includes messaging on a social site, email and texting. There is no way to completely avoid cyber bullies unless you pretty much stop using the computer. But there are things you can do to lessen the chance of being cyber bullied. Firstly if you think you might be being cyber bullied then talk to a trusted adult. Secondly if the bulling is happening over social networking sites then most sites give you the option to block people. If it’s over the phone then talk to your parents about getting a new number. Bibliography http://ncab. org. au/fourkindsofbullying/ 24/8/12 http://www. stopbullying. gov/at-risk/effects/index. html#suicide 24/8/12 http://library. hinkquest. org/07aug/00117/bullyingconsequences. html 24/8/12 http://www. cyberbullying. info/ http://au. reachout. com/Factsheets/C/Cyberbullying http://www. cybersmart. gov. au/Kids/Tips%20to%20stay%20safe%20and%20cybersmart/Cyberbullying. aspx http://www. bullyingnoway. gov. au/ http://www. bullying. com. au/ http://www. youthbeyondblue. com/factsheets-and-info/fact-sheet-20-bullying/ http://www. stopbullying. gov/at-risk/effects/index. htmlhttp://www. racgp. org. au/afp/20 1103/201103carrgregg. pdf How to cite Bulling and Cyberbulling, Essay examples Bulling and Cyberbulling Free Essays Bulling and cyber bulling is a huge issue in our society and the problem is increasing. According to the American Justice Department this month 1out of four children will be abused by another youth. And since the introduction of technology such as texting, emails and social media sites it has become allot easier for bullies to both bully and bully secretly and almost constantly. We will write a custom essay sample on Bulling and Cyberbulling or any similar topic only for you Order Now This essay will address the issue of both bullying, harassment and in particular cyber bullies. It will also suggest ways to cope with bulling According to schools. nsw. edu. au bullying is repeated verbal, physical, social or psychological behaviour that is harmful and involves the misuse of power by an individual or group towards one or more persons. The Department of Education and Early Childhood Development’s Building Respectful and Safe Schools (2010) identifies four types of bullying. These are: * Physical bullying -Physical bullying is bullying physically including hitting, kicking, tripping, pinching and pushing or damaging property. * Verbal bullying- Verbal bullying is bullying someone using words. For example-name calling, insults, teasing, intimidation, homophobic or racist remarks, or verbal abuse. * Covert bullying- Covert bullying is often harder to recognise and can be carried out behind the bullied person’s back. It is designed to harm someone’s social reputation and/or cause humiliation. Covert bullying includes: lying and spreading rumours, negative facial or physical gestures, menacing or contemptuous looks, playing nasty jokes to embarrass and humiliate, mimicking unkindly, encouraging others to socially exclude someone and damaging someone’s social reputation or social acceptance * Cyber bullying- Cyber bullying is overt or covert bullying behaviours using digital technologies. Examples include harassment via a mobile phone, setting up a defamatory personal website or deliberately excluding someone from social networking spaces. Cyber bullying can happen at any time. It can be in public or in private and sometimes only known to the target and the person bullying. Bulling is not mutual arguments and disagreements, single episodes of social rejection or dislike, single episode acts of nastiness or spite, random acts of aggression or intimidation. The standard definition for harassment is unwanted conduct on the grounds of race, gender, sexual orientation etc. which has the purpose or effect of either violating the claimant’s dignity, or creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment for them. All bulling is harassment but not all harassment is bulling. Bulling has both short term and long term effects for the victims. Although severe long term effects can be avoided by stopping bulling as early as possible. The short term effects can include issues at school (i. e. lower academic achievement), depression and anxiety, increased feelings of sadness and loneliness, changes in sleep and eating patterns, and loss of interest in activities they used to enjoy. These issues may persist into adulthood. In extreme cases bullied children may also have suicidal tendencies. Long term effects can include: a greater risk of depression and lower self-esteem later in later life, more likely to have problems with alcohol and drug use and it is more likely they will have suicidal thoughts Demonstrating assertive behaviour when bullied or harassed can often help reduce bulling. Assertive behaviour is not aggressive. It’s saying things in a direct and honest way. Saying things such as stop it, I don’t like it and what you’re saying isn’t very nice please stop. If you are being bullied or harassed the most important thing to do is tell someone. People like a trusted adult such as a teacher, councillor or parent are all good to tell. If all else fails call a kids or bulling helpline such the kids helpline on 1800 55 1800. Cyber bullying is when a child, preteen or teen is tormented, threatened, harassed, humiliated, embarrassed or otherwise targeted by another child, preteen or teen using the Internet, interactive and digital technologies or mobile phones. It has to have a minor on both sides, or at least have been instigated by a minor against another minor. Once adults become involved, it is plain and simple cyber-harassment or cyber stalking. Adult cyber-harassment or cyber stalking is NEVER called cyber bullying. The actions of a cyber-bully are biasedly verbal bulling over technology. This is includes messaging on a social site, email and texting. There is no way to completely avoid cyber bullies unless you pretty much stop using the computer. But there are things you can do to lessen the chance of being cyber bullied. Firstly if you think you might be being cyber bullied then talk to a trusted adult. Secondly if the bulling is happening over social networking sites then most sites give you the option to block people. If it’s over the phone then talk to your parents about getting a new number. Bibliography http://ncab. org. au/fourkindsofbullying/ 24/8/12 http://www. stopbullying. gov/at-risk/effects/index. html#suicide 24/8/12 http://library. hinkquest. org/07aug/00117/bullyingconsequences. html 24/8/12 http://www. cyberbullying. info/ http://au. reachout. com/Factsheets/C/Cyberbullying http://www. cybersmart. gov. au/Kids/Tips%20to%20stay%20safe%20and%20cybersmart/Cyberbullying. aspx http://www. bullyingnoway. gov. au/ http://www. bullying. com. au/ http://www. youthbeyondblue. com/factsheets-and-info/fact-sheet-20-bullying/ http://www. stopbullying. gov/at-risk/effects/index. htmlhttp://www. racgp. org. au/afp/20 1103/201103carrgregg. pdf How to cite Bulling and Cyberbulling, Papers

Supply Chain Appropriate Practices Productive Maintenance

Question: Describe about the Supply Chain Appropriate Practices for Productive Maintenance. Answer: Introduction Travel Blue Ltd is a UK based globally leading travel accessories producing company with the head office located in London. Established in 1986, Travel Blue Ltd focuses on the production of accessories that are essential for travelers. Its initial distribution was focused on the travel retail business like Airports, but currently has a distribution network covering more than 110 countries on the global market. As pointed out by the Flight Center travel group, Travel Blue Ltd is among the top thirteen duty-free retailers. The company values effective Supply Chain Management (SCM) as one of the most valuable ways of improving organizational performance and securing competitive advantage. Supply chain management practices are activities that are adopted in a business with an aim of promoting an effective management of the supply chain. According to Haddad (2012), competition in business is no longer between organizations but among different supply chains. Competitive advantage in return also contributes to a positive impact on the performance of the organization. The practice and understanding of the supply chain management have thus become an essential prerequisite for ensuring effective competition in the global business market. SCM thus recognizes the strategic nature of performance between trading partners with an aim of improving the performance of the organization as well as the whole supply chain. The paper presents details of the analysis of the supply chain appropriate practices of Travel Blue Ltd. The paper presents why customers prefer the company services, delivery of the value proportions, an organization of the company in delivery, gaps in the supply chain, as well as recommendations for better performance (Sarraj et al., 2014). Supply chain management practices of Travel Blue Ltd The supply chain management of Travel Blue Ltd is made up of the logistics, manufacturing and supply, distribution, retailers, and consumers. The company has different consolidated warehouses globally in strategic locations so as to reduce the transportation loading period to retailers and consumers. The company has also given a responsibility to the distributors to manage the inventory and delivery on the assigned market. The distributors ensure the products reach the retailers who in turn sell to the consumers. While targeting the relevant channels of retailers, the distributors act as the medium of marketing channel. The major target customers for the company products are mainly business travelers who are the end users of the company products. As a result, Travel Blue Ltd logistics and supply chain becomes the center for the manufacture, retail, distribution, and finished product. To maintain its performance in the global market, the company should adopt the following supply chain practices; Establishment of a governing council of the supply chain The purpose of the governing council is giving direction and helping in the alignment of the SCM strategy along the overall strategy of the company. The membership of the council should hence include the supply chain organization leader together with the corporate executives, influential company leaders, and business unit managers as pointed out by Sarraj et al. (2014). Ideally, Travel Blue Ltd holds regular meetings to ensure the commitment and endorsement of the senior leadership. Many SCM organizations or companies tend to struggle for recognition since their strategies and objectives differ with the stated strategies and objectives of the organization. The company has adopted a proper governing council that is necessary to prevent the delay through a provision of constant and consistent validation that the SCM strategy correlates directly with the corporate strategies. The proper governing council is also essential in removing barriers to possible success that the organization can achieve. Strategic supply partnership It is the long-term relationship between the suppliers and the organizations. It is designed for leveraging the operational and strategic capabilities of participating organizations to enable them to achieve significant benefits. It helps in emphasizing direct and long-terms associations so as to encourage problem-solving efforts and mutual planning. Such partnerships promote shared benefits among the stakeholders who are willing to share responsibilities for the success of the organization (Maria Christina, 2012). Organizations that are strategically aligned can effectively work together in eliminating wastage of time and resources. Good customer relationships Effective customer relationship consists of an array of practices that are practiced with an aim of managing complaints from customers, building long-term customer relationships, as well as improving customer satisfaction. As pointed out by Haddad (2012), proper customer relationship management is an important component of supply chain practices as committed relationships inherently cubs competition barriers in different facets of the business. The growth of personalized services and mass customization is leading to an era where the customer relationship management is becoming very crucial for a corporate survival of a business according to Chong et al. (2012). Having a good relationship with the customer chain motivates customers to effectively and successfully implement the SCM programs for a mutual benefit of the business. A close customer relationship also allows customers as well as the SCM organization to differentiate the competitors and its products, sustain the loyalty of customers, and promote a drastic extension of the value it provides to the customers. Smyth (2015) in his study points out that good customer relationship is one of the pillars of the SCM as it focuses not only one product supply but also on helping, supporting and building a sustainable community. It thus encourages shaping a better future for the market, customers, and its stakeholders to leverage genuine and collective integrity, accountability, and service delivery. Quality information sharing The sharing of information has two major aspects which are quality and quantity, aspects that are both essential as SCM practices that are independent constructs. The quality aspect of information sharing is defined as the extent at which proprietary and critical information are communicated to a supply chain partner. Shared information can vary from tactical to strategic in nature and from information about customer response to logistics activities and general market. Smyth (2015) points out that the key to seamless supply chain makes available up-to-date and undistorted market data in all the nodes within the supply chain. According to Smyth (2015), information sharing is a solid building block characterizing a stable supply chain and can promote the partners to expand as a single entity. It gives them strength and power to stand the needs of the end customers and timely respond to market changes. The effective use or timely and relevant information within all the supply chain func tional elements is a distinguishing key competitive factor. Empirical study findings by Salteli et al., (2013) reveal that a simplified flow of material such as streaming and making information highly visible to flow throughout the supply chain is a key to an integrated and efficient supply chain. Quality information sharing involves accuracy, adequacy, timeliness, and information credibility. Travel Blue Ltd management has based on the fact that the significance of information sharing and its impact to SCM is dependent on the kind of shared information, how and when it is shared, and the persons involved in sharing the information. The company thus understands their strategic information assets to ensure the information flows with minimum distortion or delay. Sharing of information also enables the company to identify or detect challenges and areas of improvement. The company has thus developed an information model that is responsible for integrating supply chain member that helps in the flow of the company products. Postponement In SCM, postponement involves moving forward different operations such as production, sourcing, or delivery to later times in the supply chain program. The postponement strategy aims at two primary considerations involving the determination of how many steps or which steps to postpone. Postponement gives an organization the flexibility of developing different versions of their products so as to meet the changing customer needs, modify a demand function, or differentiate a product. The act of keeping the company products undifferentiated for a longer period helps in increasing the flexibility of the organization to respond to changes in product delivery and customer demand (Maria Christina, 2012). Postponement also needs to be in line with type of market demand, product, and structure within the logistics and manufacturing systems. Postponement adoption for a SCM is appropriate in different conditions such as product innovation, high monetary density products, a wide range of specialization, long delivery time markets, high demand uncertainty, and low frequency of delivery. Logistic systems or manufacturing with small economies of scales and no specialized knowledge feed can also be considered for the postponement of SCM strategies according to Butilca (2012). With a proper supply chain strategy, Travel Blue Ltd focuses on aggressive marketing as the cornerstone of its culture and strategy. The success of the supply chain department is accorded to diversity in production to meet different demands of the client. The company does not only produce soft drinks but also serves tea, juices, energy drinks, and water. The products are then supplied to multinational while at the same time keeping a focus on other local and international markets. The company also value future development plans that motivates both employees, investors, and customers whose desired needs are met in the process. According to Salteli et al. (2013), the company has won the heart of wholesalers and retailers since it puts into practice different SCM strategies and practices to ensure the market demand is met despite the stiff completion from different companies. Delivery of the value proportion All the above practices can be incorporated in the SCM depending on the type of organization involved. However, there are also basic principles that are required for best planning within the organization so as to promote the delivery of value proportion. These principles involve systematic management of the SCM data from customers, suppliers, and manufacturing resources. It thus requires mature collaboration processes for both suppliers and customers reconciling forecast, usage, or orders as well as synchronizing long-term execution and tactical planning processes, data refresh intervals, and planning horizons according to Chong et al. (2012). The delivery of a value proportion also requires a continuous approach of improvement to understand user or consumer behaviour that is necessary to help in the promotion of a disciplined lifecycle of a product management process. It will thus help in bridging the gap between supply chain and product development. Proper SCM also involves a data-oriented understanding of the forecast inputs such as forecast error, year-end volume variation, and cumulative bias. Supply chain management organizations hence require observing the principles together with the discussed practice to realize positive results and effective completion in the global business market (Butilica, 2012). Organization of the company to deliver Leading practices in effective supply chain planning are vital and abound for the success of the SCM organization. These methods involve the operation and sales planning to the demand management and material requirements necessary for vendor management inventory. With new principles evolving on the supply chain planning, a constant emergency such as demand sensing, demand shaping, and agile response needs to be considered by different SCM organizations. For a company to deliver efficiently, Chong et al. (2012) point out that it is necessary for the enterprise to pick appropriate and necessary leading practices depending on the nature of the market the company serves. The best SCM thus requires the organization to integrate different practices together with the chosen technological platforms of the organization necessary to help in the achievement of the desired competitive performance. Gaps and issues identified in the SCM Travel Blue Ltd as a global company has its supply chain strategy designed into a unique SCM configuration that ensures the objectives of the company are driven forward. The company hence relies on five major building blocks that determine the activities of the supply chain management. These include manufacturing, channel, customer service, asset, and outsourcing strategies. In other circumstances, Butilca (2012) notes that gaps in the supply chain management can occur within the building blocks as a result of; When the manufacturing and optimization strategies are not well defined within the lead time. When the marketing channel strategies are only focused on the local market and not the international markets that have the potential for the future growth. In such cases, expansion of the business to other unreached markets becomes involved. Lack of a well-defined outsourcing strategy for the activities and processes carried out by an organization. Lack of well-defined customer service strategy that leads to failure of defining services according to the importance of every customer. When the asset network plans are not well established in line with the production equipment. Travel Blue Ltd in the process of its SCM is affected by various issues and challenges that affect its management process. For instance, the company lacks a proper flow that initiates information sharing among the entities concerned. This is coupled with delayed updates and restricted reaction time that makes the real-time update of information haring difficult. The company also faces challenges with the forecasting and planning accuracy. As a result, these are a loss of sales as a result of OOS situation at the retail stores coupled with poor response of the retailer towards PSF Sales Return on the available space for the brand. The company thus loses distribution with the key retailers. Recommendations Whenever the gaps mentioned above occur in the process of the supply chain of an organization, it is necessary that the organization takes immediate steps that target at correcting the challenges to prevent gross impacts that might occur (Maria Christina, 2012). Some of the short and long-term key recommendations that can be adopted include; The channel strategies should be used for the indirect distribution channels and customized and standardized products in moving stocks within the country so as to meet the requirements of the retailers. The outsourcing strategy needs to focus on the volume as well as the suppliers competence of the organization. For instance, the appointment holders can instruct an Urgent Air Freight of the company products. The customer service level needs to be defined as a specific service for key accounts of the company. For instance, there is a need for the reduction of the high operation costs involved in warehouse packing, manpower, and freight. Having a well-established strategy consolidation measures to boost the investment level of the organization in different global markets. The company can also adopt the implementation of the 9 step CPFR Model. The model will give the company the opportunity for developing collaboration agreements, creating joint business plans, identifying sales forecast exceptions, and creating forecast on sales. The model will also help in increasing revenue through improved customer satisfaction and product availability; reduce capital investment by optimizing production and reducing storage capacity, and decreasing costs on overtime, inventory, transport cost, and wastage. Conclusion Supply chain management and logistics are some of the most potential ways to secure competitive advantage and improve a business performance on the currently competitive business market. As a result, the process requires the addressing of different issues before successfully implementing supply chain principles within an organization. The issues span from choosing relevant strategies that are in line with the business requirements help in defining critical strategies that are required for the execution of the plan. The whole process hence requires a professional management in logistics and supply chain who will understand the relationship between the facets involved. It is because the supply chain management process is a network that directly involves the flow of products, information, finances, and services from the customer which is a very complex task. It also covers common involvement and communication that may at times go beyond the functional and organizational boundaries. The concept of supply chain management is increasing receiving attention from consultants, academicians, and business stakeholders. Many business organizations have recognized that SCM is a foundation to build sustainable competitive advantage for the services and products in the competitive global market. As a result, SCM practices such as outsourcing, supplier partnership, continuous process flow, information technology, and cycle time compensation among other practices have been embraced in performance improvement of different supply chain organizations. Bibliography Butilca, D. A, Performance in supply chain management, Babes Bolyai University, Cluj. Retrieved September 10, 2012 from doctorat.ubbcluj.ro/sustinerea.../Butilca_Delia_%20Ro.pdf Chong, M. Y., Chin, J. F., Hamzah, H. S, Transfer of total productive maintenance practice to supply chain. Total Quality Management Business Excellence, 23,(3/4), 2012, p. 467-488. doi:10.1080/14783363.2011.637788 Flight Centre Travel Group Ltd, Flight Centre Travel Group Ltd MarketLine Company Profile, 2016, 1-19. Haddad, L. (2012). Towards a well-functioning economy: The evolution of economic systems and decision-making. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Pub. Maria, D., Christina, A, Strengths and weaknesses of current supply chain management and initiatives for the future. Journal of Business Logistics, Volume. 22, no 2, 2012, p. 17-18 Salteli, A., DHombres, B., Jesinghaus, Jerry., Manca, A., Mascherini, Molo., Nardo, M., Saisana, M, Indicators for Successful Supply Chain Management Strategies. Business as Usual? Social Indicators Research, Vol 7, 2014, p197-207. Sarraj, R., Ballot, E., Pan, S., Hakimi, D., Montreuil, B, Interconnected logistic networks and protocols: simulation-based efficiency assessment. International Journal Of Production Research, 52(11), 2014, p. 3185-3208. doi:10.1080/00207543.2013.865853 Smyth, Helows., Supply Chain Management and Project Business Development. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.Volume 3, 2015, pgs 289-309