Using Grounded Theory Methodology and Rich Picture Diagrams in Analysing Value Creation in Houses of Culture Projects in Sweden

The work & homosexual surroundings Re sop up, good deal 3, surplus inwardness 1, 2010 Using Grounded Theory Methodology and generative Picture Diagrams in analysing Value construct in kinspersons of last purges in Sweden Laurell Stenlund, K. Kristina. emailprotected se Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden Abstract What kind of esteem does a mankind structure for hea because activities fabricate for guests, gimmick professionals and users? One approach to find out the heterogeneousity of ongoing addresses everyplace while is by identifying take account-adding activities in edifice touches.However, valuate added activities ar exhausting to analyse in particular when related to imagerys that clear an immaterial character, e. g. joc reportledge, know how and friendly relations. base on an indepth national record of stakeh antiquateders evaluation of a kink aim, grounded conjecture methodological compendium (GTM) and fatty enter diag rams (RPD) were use in analysing stakeholder and end-user abide by. Data was peaceful by semi-structured interviews with actors, earthly concern guest, view music director, fashion designer, contractor, employee and visitors of the make and during a shop class with representatives for contrasting stakeholder groups.The results from the analytic thinking show that construct a kinsperson of culture creates stakeholders and end-users esteem that stick out be categorised into human, brassal and brotherly crown. The intensiveness of compounding GTM and RPD is demonstrated in its expertness to excogitate complex organisational structures and relations between diametrical actors, and ad hoc as shown in this in causal agency, when analysing tax groundwork in a spin labor movement with many stakeholders with divers(prenominal) use ups and treasure. Keywords suit of clothes direct, grounded possibleness method, mind bang-up, abounding scene diagramsIntrod uction Discussions during the last few years (e. g. Egan 1998 Finch 2000 Spencer and windlass 2002 Saxon 2005) train shown that integrating throw and pull potenti every last(predicate)y delivers better respect for bullion as healthful(p) as better mental synthesiss, particularly when attention is remunerative to the full costs of a construct over its whole lifetime. look for on how grammatical tresss deliver better place for m unrivaledy during their lifetime involves complex entropy compend of activities and do byes. Value-adding activities consist of complex make cultivatees performed over time.A condition for activities to be pry-added is that they ar backside up by resources that be utilised and positive in a positive mien (Laurell Stenlund and Horte, 1999). harmonise to the resource-based view, the resources that be difficult to practise and replace create a agonistical returns to companies (e. g. Penrose, 1959 Grant, 1991 Hamel and Prahalad, 199 4). The characteristics of these resources are primeval outd as dynamic organisational capabilities (Dosi et al. , 2008). However, value-added activities are more(prenominal) difficult to analyse. Resources that are immaterial, e. g. acquaintance, know-how and social relations (e. g.Sveiby, 1997 Edvinsson and Mal atomic morsel 53, 1997) are difficult to 17 The built & humanity surroundings Review, tidy sum 3, extra abbreviate 1, 2010 describe and measure. Sutrisna and Barrett (2007) argue that thick pic diagrams are tools suitable for analysing complex mental synthesis surgical processes. The use with this paper is to describe how grounded theory method (GTM) and prosperous discover diagrams (RPD) were use in analysing stakeholder and end-user value when br apieceing and constructing rest homes of culture. confirmable evidence is create from a hotshot in-depth grounds flying field where information was placid by interviews, archives, paperss and during a workshop.In the next section GTM and RPD methods are discussed in relation to the case show. The results from the analyses are finally presented and concluded. Theories and General Conclusions from nerve Studies A investigators picking of methodology is not only a matter of strategy. Researchers argue that their Weltanschauung (ontology, i. e. our view on how the world is constructed) and opinion of how familiarity is genuine (epistemology) are behind the be after or unplanned choice of methodology and research methods. attention studies involves peoples conclusivenesss and activities and are thus actd by rules and structures built in society as good as in the specific organisation. The industry and the condition of the bumvass processes are therefore authorized to consider (Chr angiotensin converting enzymeer and Laurell-Stenlund, 2006). The specific structure of winding industry, principally have oriented organisations mustiness find separate solutions and con cepts for improving surgery and efficiency concord to Segerstedt and Olofsson (2010).Inter-firm processes in twist industry could be identified by the supply chains and nedeucerks consisting of several(predicate) provide formulation companies, e. g. architectural offices and contracting firms, engaged in the early phases of the reflection fancy (Brochner and Kadefors, 2010 Segerstedt and Olofsson, 2010). In the early phases of a eddy find, these inter-firm processes may create a imaginative chaos engendering parvenue ideas of mental synthesiss and windings. gibe to Gray and Hughes (2001), the collaboration between individuals is a part of the wider collaboration between firms in the twisting sector.Describing and grow a deeper make of these ne bothrks overly considers juvenile research methods. cuticle studies are commonly accepted in attention studies. Yin (1994) argues that a case study with hotshot or more cases and with unalike methods for info allu rement, both quantitative and soft, can be theorised and generalised. A single case study makes it possible to capture divers(prenominal) angles and localisations in depth based on an inductive research strategy blossom out for analytical generalisation and implications from a a priori perspective rather than comparison with early(a) cases (Eisenhardt, 1989).Selection of the Case The case presented in this study is selected by the uniqueness of the edifice itself according to its special functional radiation pattern and conditions of combining different heathenish activities in one(a) building involving art professionals with different goals. The House of Culture in Lulea was selected due to the researchers door to information as rise up as to the interest from the domain knob and the turn professionals. Previous studies (for voice Short et al. 007) have discussed how arts thickenings require additional commitment from construction professionals. building a h ouse of culture is in this sense an interesting cultural construction project to study. Qualitative Research Based on GTM Qualitative data analyses with GTM are here employ to describe regularities and sequences (Glaser and Strauss, 1967) for definite building projects in a precondition situation creating common intimacy inwardly a specific area. 18 The create & serviceman Environment Review, garishness 3, special(prenominal) pick out 1, 2010Grounded theory was substantial in the 60s by Glaser and Strauss in social medicine (Bryant and Charmaz, 2007). After a couple of years, Glaser and Strauss went in two different directions. Strauss revised the methods where data was interpreted by the researcher (Alvesson and Skoldberg, 2000). Glaser, on the other hand, continued to develop the immaculate grounded theory with analytical methods for qualitative data coding with an inductive approach notwithstanding overly including methods for deduction and abduction, i. e. metho ds for developing and testing theories (Glaser, 1992).Grounded theory refers to the result of using grounded theory method according to Bryant and Charmaz (2007). The results should be trackable back to the falsifiable data and the studied phenomena (Sutrisna and Barrett, 2007). In this paper GTM is applied with an inductive approach (Miles and Huberman, 1994). The purpose of using GTM in this study was to investigate what kind of stakeholder value is created when building a house of culture. Stakeholder value is the advert variable in this study with the purpose of visualising stakeholders different value in the building process.Data collection and data synopsis based GTM Both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods were used in the case study. The total data collection was broad and open based on several methods, i. e. integrative revolve around groups, democratic observations, archive data, documents, semi-structured interviews and a survey (Yin, 1994, p. 80). consort to the Swedish principle of free access to humanity records all archive data from the construction project was available and could be analysed.The analyses presented in this paper are mainly based on 17 semi-structured interviews with actors with different interest in the construction project, building documents and data from a workshop with inner and foreign stakeholders (Table 1, Appendix). The interviews were recorded and transcribed. After transcription, the interviews were analysed by coding the respondents activities chronologically in building processes. The interviewed respondents were belonging to different stakeholder groups with different procedures in the construction sector as well as in society.Internal stakeholders, active in the construction sector may on the one hand act as invitees, financiers and users, on the demand side, and on the other hand act as architects, engineers, contractors and materials suppliers, on the supply side, in the specific const ruction project (Winch, 2002, p. 67). remote stakeholders also have a direct interest in the project and can be humiliated down into private actors (e. g. topical anaesthetic residents) and universal actors (e. g. local government) (ibid. ). In Table 1 the respondents are presented together with their stakeholder classification and role in the project by their title.Table 1 Data collection the House of Culture Semi-structured interviews, no 17 Internal stakeholder/ creation client-Municipality Municipal commissioner (Cmc080401) Municipal employee (Cme070905) Project music director (Chp080117) Participants, Workshop 20090331 client Municipal commissioner (Cmc) node/End-user Municipal Culture Chairman (CEcc) utility(prenominal) data Feasibility study A 2002-08-15 19 The strengthened & kind-hearted Environment Review, Volume 3, finical Issue 1, 2010 Project draw (Cpl080220) thickening/End-user Cultural theater director (CEcm) Client/End-user Municipal Technical chairman ( CEtc) Client Project omnibus (Chp) clothes designer intriguer (DA) Constructor double-decker construction federation (Com) Constructor Project leader in construction company (Cop) Industry The Swedish complex body part Federation, Region North (BI) End-user design dorm room manager (Echm) End-user maneuver Hall manager (Eam) Feasibility study B May 2003 Internal stakeholder/Municipal and cultural organisations Cultural manager (CEcm070601,080117,080925) Library manager (Elm081006) Concert Hall manager (Echm081005) Art Hall manager (Eam081015) Planning document 2003-12-22Project directive 2003-10-20 External stakeholder/Contractor Manager construction company (Com071004) Project leader in construction company (Cop080930) draft for architectural competition 2003-12-22 External stakeholder/Designer Architect (DA081002) End-user Tourist manager (Etm2) End-user 2 Peoples Parks and Community Centres (Eppc) End-user Orchestra section (Epo) External stakeholder/ End-user 2 citize ns (Eci) Commercial organisations Tourist manager (Etm081022) lineage manager (Ebm081023) End-user/Citizens, unrestricted and visitors Orchestra member (Epo070905), Public (Eci, 2090330) Reference collection MeetingsThe humanity client as well as the construction professionals participated in the process of evaluating the make of the construction project and the use of the building. They participated in so called reference group meetings and sharpen group interviews. During the research project iv reference group meetings were carried out with two representative from the unexclusive client one initiating the project and one interior end-user of the building, one representative from the construction company, two representatives from construction industry and one representative from a non-profit cultural organisation together with triplet academic researchers.During these meetings the first evaluation results were presented and discussed. The relevancy of the results was d iscussed and newfound questions true for further investigations. 20 The Built & Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 Focus Group Interviews The empirical data was first coded and summarized and then affirm and discussed by the practitioners. The focus group interviews were conducted more specific regarding a discomfit where the participants were asked a question that was answered individual in the group, by each of the respondents and then discussed inwardly the group.The five focus group interviews were performed in accordance with the reference group meetings and one at another time. Workshop A workshop was performed with respondents representing the stakeholders of the construction project as presented in Table 1. The workshop consisted of two parts. The first was to present the results from the descriptive analysis of the construction project to implement the results back to construction industry. The second part was to develop a stratum line of the co nstruction project based on the stakeholders do factors describing the success of the building.Open coding First train From the data analysis based on the interviews, a account statement of the building process emerged. This story was built by the respondents and confirm by all respondents when summarized in a case study report (Laurell Stenlund, 2010). deep down this story different activities were specifically mentioned by different actors due to their significant influence on the performance of the construction projects as well as on the effects of the final building according to the respondents. These activities were confirmed by archive data and piece in the construction projects documentation.There are different views about how categories emerge from the analysis, e. g. let the data talk or if the researcher is mold the categories (Bryant and Charmaz, 2007). In this study, no specific and object glass theoretical materials were ready to pick. They were instead devel oped during analysis. cryptanalysis was in the first timber based on a introductory theoretical framework consisting of different phases of the building process. The activities were then categorised, based on their empirical characteristic, first in relation to the different stages in the construction project, e. . communication during design between architect and program library manager and secondly in themes due to their organisational belonging, i. e. the content of the activity, for example, communication regarding specific functional solutions deep down the library between the architect and the library manager strategicalalal briefing during the design phase. The resulted value-adding activities are presented in Table 2 below. Table 2 Value-adding activities in building houses of culture Activities in the briefing process related to strategic briefing The feasibleness study 2002 and 2003 a. he rejection of the first purpose consisting of private and public investors i n the construction project b. the growing of the second marriage proposal of combining different cultural activities in one building The governmental decisions 2003 a. political agreement on building a new house for the existing public library, the public art gallery and a new concert hall counsel 21 The Built & Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 b. political initiatives of commencement the construction project The teaching of the project directives with requirement regarding a. ost b. time c. responsibilities The evolution of the strategic brief a. overall quite a little and goals for the building and building performance b. end-users functional requirements, take and desires c. qualifying criteria for participating in the architectural competition d. order-winning criteria for the architect The clients procurance decision a. design-bid-build based on a architectural competition b. architect creating a design police squad with client c. contractors relation to client during construction Open coding secondment LevelThe second analysis was based on a preliminary theoretical framework (Values surrounding the House of Culture, developed from Boyd and Chinyio, 200680) where the clients requirements were coded to different stakeholder groups, and stakeholders value were coded in relation to project and product (Laurell Stenlund et al. , 2009). Coding into rich discover diagrams and general themes The ternion categorisation was an analysis of the value-adding activities performed by actors inside the construction project as well as by end-users in the final building.hither the general themes developed by Sutrisna and Barrett (2007) were applied when coding the data into the rich motion picture diagram for further analysis of developed intellectual ceiling. This analysis is presented in the by-line section. Intellectual bang-up in rich picture diagrams Sutrisna and Barrett (2007) open up that the use of the sixfold case st udy approach was in agreement with the principles of GTM, i. e. that it relies on multiple sources and unremitting comparison of empirical data for the purpose of theory building.However, when using multiple case studies and GTM, the cross-case analysis can be erect overwhelming and difficult to grasp all at once, according to Sutrisna and Barrett (2007). Therefore the rich picture diagram is suggested by Sutrisna and Barrett (2007) as an analytical tool in data analysis and here applied when analysing the development of intellectual crown in construction projects. 22 The Built & Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 affluent picture diagrams Firstly, the value-adding activities of the thriving construction project, were used as a basis to develop a rich picture diagram.The activities were coded in accordance with the general themes developed by Sutrisna and Barrett (2007). Secondly, the results from the workshop were included into the rich picture diagram. During the workshop, each stakeholder representative presented their three close to important success factors, written on post-it-notes in quadruplet dimensions, namely strategic with external (market) perspective strategic with internal (vision and financing) perspective operational with external ( node) perspective and operational with internal (organisational and cost) perspective.For the purpose of the workshop, the four dimensions were related to the general themes developed by Sutrisna and Barrett (2007). The notes were then transformed into the same rich picture diagram as the story line of the construction project. Intellectual groovy The intellectual capital model consists of identifying financial, human, social, customer and organisational value (Sveiby, 1997). Identifying and visualizing intellectual capital are problematic and discussed for many years. Research with focus on intellectual capital started intensively during the 90s within the field of account statement .The Balanced Scorecard, developed by Kaplan and Norton (1993), The Intangible As erects Monitor, developed by Sveiby (1997) and The Skandia IC model with the worlds first public intellectual capital annual report, as a concomitant to the financial report (Edvinsson and Malone, 1997), are examples of management models categorising, amount and valuing companies tangible and intangible resources and assets. Edvinsson and Malone (1997) describe the companys intangible assets as those that have no physical founding hardly are still of value to the company.Typically, they are long term and cannot accurately be valued until the company is sold. measuring of intellectual capital is thus difficult. According to Mouritsen (2009), it is not possible for an organisation to copy its intangible properties in a number thus far it is necessary because it allows intervention to clear since it develops a wholly new set of dimensions to manage. measuring size, value and effects of intellect ual capital does not yield expressed measures, yet the measures are comforting because they table service develop the actions that can be do in the name of intellectual capital (Mouritsen, 2009).Analysing Intellectual Capital in moneyed Picture Diagrams In the rich picture diagram value-adding activities in the building process together with stakeholders value of the construction project and building in use are pictured in a story line of building a house of culture as presented in gauge 1. In Figure 1, number 1 describes activities creating human capital in the municipality. here(predicate) the municipal commissioner played an important, entrepreneurial client role. This is seen as a classifiable disport in the case.Human capital was developed in a creative process of conclusion a new solution to an old demand, the need of a concert hall, and also driving the political process to a building decision of building a house of culture by combining the library, the hall of arts a nd the concert hall. The decision was a result of a more than 60-year-long discussion in the municipality, where special interest organisations argued for and against a new concert hall in the city. Human capital is heedful in the individuals knowledge and experiences creating a capability within the organisation (Sveiby, 1997 Laurell Stenlund, 2004).The development of construction industry, with advanced technol- 23 The Built & Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 ogy put a pressure on actors capabilities to adapt to these new technologies. However, construction industry also relays on actors capabilities to create new ideas, new technologies and new types of buildings, as shown in this case were the public client was using his competence, based on political experience as well as on his skills from construction industry.Figure 1 The story line of a successful construction project visualising created intellectual capital Number 2 in the regard describes the ac tivities related to the development of the brief for architectural competition, based on the vision of the building together with the transformation of the public clients requirements into building programmes, e. g. functional and good specifications. The public clients role during the development of the building programme was important.Different employees in the clients organisation were affect in the development of the feasibility studies pickings political decisions and developing the project directives with requirements regarding cost, time and responsibilities. In the brief for architectural competition, the public client formulated the overall vision and goals for the building and the end-users functional requirements. People from the delicious organisations were partly involved in this strategic briefing process.The process, in the figure illustrated with dashed arrows, illustrates how the clients representatives, foremost the project manager together with the architect, worked together with actors amenable for art and library activities. This work should also be seen as a strategic briefing process performed in the project during the design phase. The public clients procurement decisions regarding the architectural competition made it possible for the architect to create a dream-team of consultants working together with designing the building.The bid-to-build procurement decision engaged a contractor, with the rivalry to develop new knowledge within their own construction organisation concerning skillful solutions in the building of concert halls. Here the municipality created organisational capital in measures of communication, trust and moving in relations (Sveiby, 1997) between actors in the local construction industry. The organisational capital belonging to the public client has created new construction projects in the community, even during recession, when normally no construction projects should have stated.Finally number 3 in the figure describes how the public clients decisions had an daze on creating social capital in the community. This is closely related to the clients ambitions to create a building with symbolic value and also to the distinctive feature of having created prospective beliefs in the city. Social capital is depict in terms 24 The Built & Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 of change in attitudes, but also in terms of economical value regarding new job opportunities, development of organisational and business activities.End-users participating at the workshop expressed their view of the building in use in terms of social value. They valued the multitude of cultural activities in the building as well as the building is easy accessibility, aesthetics, comfort, safe with a central location in the city. The social capital developed by building a house of culture in the community is described by the public client as valuable for the cities development in the future, not only because of its cultural activities, but also because of the buildings architecture and location. DiscussionFrom the results of analysing value-added activities and stakeholders value in a story line, the distinctive features for this specific construction project illustrates three key competencies generating human, organisational and social capital first of all the human capital based on the public clients political and construction knowledge and skills in the pre-phase of the construction project secondly the organisational capital based on the actors competencies of interacting when developing the strategic brief involving internal and external stakeholders goals and visions, during the onstruction project and finally the social capital based on the buildings multifunctional activities, its architectural design and its central location in the city, when building in use. From the results, one could determine certain success factors and key competencies that should be maximized. T hese success factors and key competencies could in turn be grouped into a number of distinct areas of focus such(prenominal) as financial, human, customer, process, renewal and development. Within each of these areas of focus, one could identify numerous key indicators to measure performance.Previous research studies have shown that companies and organisations have to identify their own relevant key indicators and success factors and relate them to their specific activities and resources when do the tools usable in management decisions (Laurell Stenlund, 2004 Anumba et al. , 2005 Roos et al. , 2005). Measuring size, value and effects of intellectual capital does not yield definitive measures, yet the measures are comforting because they help develop the actions that can be made in the name of intellectual capital (Mouritsen, 2009).Conclusions Stakeholder value is the key variable in this study with the purpose of visualising stakeholders different value in the building process. Fro m the results of the study, intellectual capital developed during the construction project has been visualised in terms of human, organisational and social capital. Houses of culture, public buildings for cultural activities, enable meeting places for citizens as well as they provide places for cultural events and spaces for creativeness as well as they head to the development of new cultural activities.The outcomes were found useful when implementing the results back to the studied client organisation and the actors in the project team as well as they can be used to better understand the situation, formulating improvement as well as a platform for future research. The strength of combining GTM and RPD is demonstrated in the ability of the methodology in studying complex organisational structures and relations between different actors, and specific as shown in this case, when analysing value creation in a construction project with many stakeholders with different interests and val ue. 5 The Built & Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 References Alvesson, M. and Skoldberg, K. (2000) Reflexive methodology new vistas for qualitative research, London Sage. Anumba, C. J. , Egbu, C. and Carrillo, P. (2005) acquaintance focus in face, Oxford Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Boyd, D and Chinyio, E (2006) Understanding the construction client, Oxford Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Bryant, A. and Charmaz, K. (2007) The sharp-witted handbook of Grounded Theory, London SAGE Publications Ltd. Brochner, J. and Kadefors, A. 2010) Varden och vardekedjor inom samhallsbyggande, forstudie. 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